Thomas Paine, Political Activist

Thomas Paine was an English-born writer and political activist who became, shortly after his arrival in America, the leading propagandist of the American Revolution. His pamphlet Common Sense, which appeared anonymously in early 1776, became wildly popular and helped sway public opinion to the radical position of splitting from the British Empire. Paine followed up by publishing, during the bitter winter when the Continental Army was camped at Valley Forge, a pamphlet titled The American Crisis, which urged Americans to remain steadfast to the patriot cause. Fast Facts: Thomas Paine Known For: Political activist and writer. He used memorable and fiery prose in pamphlets which argued that Americans should form a new nation.Born: January 29, 1737 in Thetford EnglandDied: June 8, 1809 in New York CitySpouses:  Mary Lambert  (m. 1759–1760) and Elizabeth Ollive  (m. 1771–1774)Famous Quote: These are the times that try mens souls... Early Life Thomas Pain (he added an e to his name after arriving in America) was born in Thetford, England, on January 29, 1737, the son of a farmer who also worked at times as a maker of corsets. As a child, Paine attended local schools, leaving at 13 to work with his father. For more than two decades, Paine struggled to find a career. He went to sea for a time, and returned to England to try his hand at various occupations, including teaching, running a small grocery store, and, like his father, making corsets. He married in 1760 but his wife died a year later during childbirth. He married again in 1771 and separated from his second wife within a few years. In 1762, he received an appointment as an excise collector, but lost the job three years later after mistakes were found in his records. He was reinstated in the job, but was eventually fired again in 1774. He had written a petition to Parliament urging a raise in pay for excise men, and he was probably fired as an act of retribution when his petition was rejected. With his life in a shambles, Paine audaciously tried to advance himself by calling on Benjamin Franklin in London. Paine had been reading widely and educating himself, and Franklin recognized that Paine was intelligent and expressed interesting ideas. Franklin furnished him with letters of introduction that might help him find employment in Philadelphia. In late 1774, Paine, at the age of 37, sailed for America. New Life In America After arriving in Philadelphia in November 1774, and spending a few weeks recovering from an illness contracted during the miserable ocean crossing, Paine used his connection with Franklin to begin writing for the Pennsylvania Magazine, a popular publication. He wrote a variety of essays, using pseudonyms, which was customary at the time. Paine was named editor of the magazine, and his passionate writings, which included an attack on slavery and the slave trade, gained notice. The magazine also gained subscribers, and it seemed that Paine had found his career. Common Sense Paine was a sudden success in his new life as a magazine editor, but he got into conflicts with the publisher and had left the position by the fall of 1775. He decided he would devote himself to writing a pamphlet laying out the case for the American colonists to split with England. At that time, the American Revolution had essentially started with the armed conflict at Lexington and Concord. Paine, as a newly arrived observer in America, was inspired by the revolutionary fervor in the colonies. During his time in Philadelphia, Paine had noticed a seeming contradiction: Americans were outraged by oppressive actions taken by Britain, yet they also tended to express loyalty toward the king, George III. Paine fervently believed that attitude needed to change, and he saw himself as the person to argue against loyalty to a monarch. He hoped to inspire a passionate desire among Americans to completely split with England. Throughout late 1775, Paine worked on his pamphlet. He constructed his argument carefully, writing several sections dealing with the nature of monarchies, and making a case against the very institutions of kings. Title page of the R. Bell edition of Common Sense by American author and politician Thomas Paine, 1776.   Hulton Archive / Getty Images In what would be the most notable section of Common Sense, Paine argued that the American cause was entirely just. And the only solution was for Americans to declare themselves independent of Great Britain. As Paine memorably put it: The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth. Advertisements began appearing in Philadelphia newspapers for Common Sense in January 1776. The author was not identified, and the price was two shillings. The pamphlet became an instant success. Copies of the text were passed about among friends. Many readers speculated that the author was a well-known American, perhaps even Benjamin Franklin. Few suspected the author of the fiery call for American independence was an Englishman who had arrived in America little more than a year earlier. Not everyone was impressed by Paines pamphlet. American loyalists, those who opposed the movement toward independence, were horrified and considered the author of the pamphlet to be a dangerous radical inflaming the mob. Even John Adams, considered a radical voice himself, thought the pamphlet went too far. He developed a lifelong distrust of Paine, and would later be offended when Paine was given any credit for having helped bring about the American Revolution. Despite some vocal detractors, the pamphlet had an enormous impact. It helped to shape public opinion in favor of a split with Britain. Even George Washington, commanding the Continental Army in the spring of 1776, praised it for creating a powerful change in public attitude toward Britain. By the time the Declaration of Independence was signed in the summer of 1776, the public, thanks to Paines pamphlet, was aligned with revolutionary sentiment. A memorial engraving of Thomas Paine, with a smirk on his face, containing his dates of birth and death, with text reading The World is my Country and to do Good my Religion, figures of religion and law shield themselves from his image, 1815. From the New York Public Library. Smith Collection/Gado / Getty Images The Crisis Common Sense sold more than 120,000 copies in the spring of 1776, an enormous number for the time (and some estimates are much higher). Yet Paine, even when he was revealed to be its author, did not make much money from his effort. Devoted to the cause of the Revolution, he joined up with Washingtons army as a soldier in a Pennsylvania regiment. He traveled with the army during the retreat from New York and across New Jersey in late 1776. Beginning in December 1776, as the patriot cause looked utterly bleak, Paine began writing a series of pamphlets he titled The Crisis. The first of the pamphlets, titled The American Crisis, began with a passage that has been quoted countless times: These are the times that try mens souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country but he that stands it NOW, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain, too cheap, we esteem too lightly: tis dearness only that gives everything its value. George Washington found Paines words so inspiring that he ordered it be read to the troops spending that bitter winter encamped at Valley Forge. In need of steady employment, Paine was able to obtain a job as a secretary to the Continental Congress committee on foreign affairs. He eventually lost that position (for allegedly leaking secret communications) and obtained a post as the clerk of the Pennsylvania Assembly. In that position he drafted the preamble to the states law abolishing slavery, a cause near to Paines heart. Paine continued writing installments of The Crisis throughout the Revolutionary War, eventually publishing 14 of the essays by 1783. Following the end of the war, he was often critical of the many political disputes arising in the new nation. The Rights of Man A series of engravings with texts describing contrasting contemporary reactions to British radical intellectual Thomas Paines pamphlet The Rights Of Man, published in 1791.   Hulton Archive / Getty Images In 1787 Paine sailed for Europe, landing at first in England. He was invited to visit France by the Marquis de Lafayette, and he visited Thomas Jefferson, who was serving as the American ambassador to France. Paine became energized by the French Revolution. He returned to England, where he wrote yet another political pamphlet, The Rights of Man. He argued in favor of the French Revolution, and he criticized the institution of monarchy, which soon landed him in trouble. The British authorities sought to arrest him, and after being tipped off by the poet and mystic William Blake, whom Paine knew through radical circles in England, he escaped back to France. In France Paine became involved in controversies when he criticized some aspects of the Revolution. He was labeled a traitor and imprisoned. He spent nearly a year in prison before the new American ambassador, James Monroe, obtained his release. While recovering in France, Paine wrote another pamphlet, The Age of Reason, which argued against organized religion. When he returned to America he was generally ostracized. That was in part to his arguments against religion, which many found objectionable, and also because of criticism he leveled at figures from the Revolution, including even George Washington. He retired to a farm north of New York City, where he lived quietly. He died in New York City on June 8, 1809, an impoverished and generally forgotten figure. Legacy Over time, Paines reputation grew. He began to be recognized as a vital voice during the revolutionary period, and his difficult aspects tended to be forgotten. Modern politicians take to quoting him regularly, and in the public memory he is considered a venerated patriot. Sources: Thomas Paine. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 12, Gale, 2004, pp. 66-67. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Paine, Thomas. Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of American Literature, vol. 3, Gale, 2009, pp. 1256-1260. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Paine, Thomas. American Revolution Reference Library, edited by Barbara Bigelow, et al., vol. 2: Biographies, Vol. 2, UXL, 2000, pp. 353-360. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Strong Women Strong Female Strong Girls - 1641 Words

Introduction Nonprofits hold a very important role in actively helping our society. Although people may recognize the good that comes from nonprofits, they may not necessarily understand where or how that good or service is made. Strong Women Strong Girls is one of the many nonprofit organizations located in Boston, with a goal to benefit the community. We have been working with this organization to improve our understanding of nonprofits and to help the organization benefit the community. Background Strong Women Strong Girls is a nonprofit organization founded in 2000 by Harvard graduate, Lindsay Hyde. The organization started as a small mentoring program with about 30 people, but as time progressed, the organization became more popular and launched in 2004 as an official nonprofit in Boston Massachusetts. The organization also spread to other college campus in Boston, as well as in 2006 expanded to open several additional chapters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Today the organization serves over 1,400 girls throughout the two locations in about 100 schools and community centers (Strong Women Strong Girls, 2015). The mission of Strong Women Strong Girls is to: â€Å"raise ambition for women and girls by fostering cycles of mutual empowerment through mentoring.† The â€Å"cycles of mutual empowerment† consists of three program groups: pre-adolescent girls, undergraduate women, and professional women. The pre-adolescent girls are in grades 3- 5 and participate in fre e weeklyShow MoreRelatedThe Depiction Of Strong Women On The Film Waiting For Wonder Woman Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe depiction of strong women in leading roles is fairly uncommon because of unrealistic, universal ideas of how women should be. Throughout the years, there have been a few strong female roles, but not enough. In Frank Bruni’s article, â€Å"Waiting for Wonder Woman†, he declares that there aren’t enough movies with strong female characters. 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The Art Of Theater Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Art Of Theater Essay, Research Paper The Art of Theater Neither a book nor a work, but an energy Theater is the most singular art of life. It is a collaborate art uniting different people into one solid group in which they work together harmoniously in order to portray a certain thought, construct, or piece of art. Theater trades with assorted signifiers of emotions and is most normally expected to go forth a hint or stimulate sentiments on the audience. The head plays a large function in theatre, for the art lies within our imaginativeness. Our head stimulates many different types of strong emotions such as power, choler, joy, and more. These intangible feelings created by our head, are the ground why theatre the most notable art of life. Theater is neither a book nor a work, but an energy. Theater is considered to be an energy because it is a deliberate act from get downing to stop. We will write a custom essay sample on The Art Of Theater Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A piece of theatre merely lasts for a specific period of clip. It has a beginning, in-between, and an terminal. Furthermore, every theatrical piece has a predestined decision. Implying that the audience is most frequently cognizant of what will go on at the terminal of the drama, yet the art of it is to ke ep them focused and interested until the really terminal. Furthermore, unlike other manners of communicating, in theatre one can non travel back and see a certain scene. A theatrical act takes topographic point in the present, has an stoping, and becomes portion of our yesteryear. Theater is a challenge to our head, for it makes us believe and allows us to utilize our imaginativeness. During a theatrical act, we are projected into a universe of phantasy and imaginativeness, a universe that merely lasts for a certain period of clip. A period of clip in which one feels hurting, joy, hatred, or love. This is reinforced by the direct contact between the histrions and the audience exciting more personal emotion between different persons. In my sentiment, the art of theatre is one of the most empowering factors in 1s life. For it is an energy which releases 1s inner most desires, feelings, and emotions. An energy that takes us on a journey of imaginativeness. An energy which merely lasts for a short period of clip, go forthing behind a scruples which stimulates one s head delivery world up against imaginativeness. For these grounds and many more, theatre is neither a book nor a work, but an energy, and in this sense it is the lone art of life.

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory free essay sample

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory identifies 5 environmental systems that act with bi-directional influences amongst context and individuals to describe human development. From most intimate to least intimate, the components of this theory include: microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems, macrosystems, and chronosystems (Berk, 2010). This paper will describe how each of these systems shapes an individual’s life progression by analyzing their effects at the ages of twenty-five and forty-five on an interviewee, Kitty. These ages were chosen specifically because of the significant gap in their maturity levels. The majority of people experience different settings and relationships as young adults than they do later in their life and therefore the contexts the individual faces will be appropriately different at each of the two time periods. The most immediate connections and activities that are made on a day-to-day basis fall under the category of a microsystem (Berk, 2010). The birth of Kitty’s first daughter falls under this level of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At the age of twenty-five, Kitty’s daughter became the center of her attention and therefore one of the most important microsystems in her life at this time. She gave her child support, comfort, and everything necessary for survival, while the child motivated her mother to mature and take on more responsibility. This is an example of how there is always a bi-directional influence of the context on the individual. This system can also be found later in the development of Kitty’s life in her relationship with close friends. Now, at the age of forty-five her children no longer live at home, and Kitty’s microsystem focus has shifted to the relationships she has forged with close friends. On Friday Nights, Kitty and her husband go out to dinner with another couple, the Jensen’s thus providing each other with friendship and advice. The next stage in the Ecological Systems Theory, known as the mesosystem, is comprised of the interactions between multiple microsystems (Berk, 2010). Kitty worked as a secretary at the age of twenty-five. The relationships she has created at work are considered mesosystems to how she interacts with her child and husband at home. When there would be an altercation at work she would come home after having a bad day and reflect this behavior in how warm and inviting she was towards her daughter and husband. This system can work vice versa also. If her daughter is up sick all night, it will show in how irritable she is towards her co-workers the next day. These two microsystems, though nonrelated both have a bi-directional effect on Kitty and on each other. Even though Kitty’s microsystems have changed throughout time, this exchange can still be found in her forties, specifically forty-five. While it is no longer her baby that would influence or be influenced by Kitty and her outside relationships this trend is still relevant. Take for example her newest microsystem, Mr. and Mrs. Jensen. If Kitty has an altercation with her boss on a Friday while at work she is no longer in the mood to go out to dinner with them that night as she normally would. The microsystem she has with her boss effects the microsystem she has with her close friends. The third level of Bronfenbrenner’s model is the exosystem in which outside settings influence the individual. While these circumstances do not directly involve Kitty, they still have some kind of impact on her immediate surroundings (Berk, 2010). An example of how she is affected by societal forces is when the Challenger Shuttle exploded in 1986. While Kitty had no direct link to the Challenger mission, its impact brought her community as a whole closer together and in exchange created more microsystems for her. This same environment can be found !3 when Kitty is forty-five. Around this time the war in Iraq had begun and because of it her community had grown closer together to support those who had gone overseas to fight. The final stage of the Ecological Systems model is the macrosystem or the cultural contexts the individual is immersed in (Berk, 2010). The support or lack thereof by the community falls into this category. At twenty-five, Kitty lived in a poorer neighborhood where there was very little support from the institutions and community organizations that are usually present in the more affluent neighborhoods. These can include good day cares, quick emergency assistance, and community leaders that have its member’s interests at heart. By the time Kitty reached age forty-five her socioeconomic status had increased to an upper-middle class level where she is living in a nice neighborhood with all of the above mentioned community institutions. This can be traced back to when her first daughter was born and the microsystem it created. Having a child pushed Kitty to grow and work harder to make a better life for herself thus being an integral part in her development to where she is at this stage of her life. The chronosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s model represents time. Internal and external forces work side by side to influence human development. People can change their development through their choices or the environment can change it for them (Berk, 2010). Adapting at age twenty-five and becoming a more mature individual after having a child is an example of how Kitty fits into the chronosystem. By the time she has reached forty-five, this adaptation has caused a much different life course than the one she had previously been on. Through this paper I learned that the five-systems in the ecological model created by Bronfenbrenner, work interchangeably to influence the development of a person’s life. Each area of the model has an equally important affect on maturation and helps to shape individuals into !4 what they are today. This showed me that while we influence our environment so too does our environment influence us and this interplay between the two is the foundation of the Ecological Systems Theory.

Environmental Science in Today’s World Essays

Environmental Science in Today’s World Essays Environmental Science in Today’s World Essay Environmental Science in Today’s World Essay In a market economy, food flows in the direction on the economic demand. Need is not taken into consideration. This statement is a justification of the realities of life in today’s world. Various people have different needs, but in order for this needs to be fulfilled, that person should be willing and able to acquire it. The willing part is easy to fill in, but sadly, not all of us could continue with the able part. Many of us lack the resources necessary to acquire our needs. This is where poverty comes in – when you have the need but you don’t have the means to acquire it. Consider this situation: there are a lot of hungry children in the world today, and at the same time, there are domesticated cats that go hungry. When these cats are hungry, their owners buy them food, thus satisfying their need for food. But for the hungry children, not all of them are able to satisfy their need for food. They have the willingness to eat, but theyâ⠂¬â„¢re not able to do so because they lack the money to buy food. They have a poor family which can’t provide their needs, unlike the hungry cats whose owners are able to buy their cat food. This is the underlying theme in Environmental Science itself, wherein environmental problems have a cultural and social context, wherein man and his society directly or indirectly affects the environment. That is why it is necessary for us to comprehend the roles of the society, culture and economics in order to solve these problems. These problems and interactions revolve on man, and he is the only one who can solve it. Also, human survival is said to depend on the practices of development so that it could attain sustainable systems, wherein it could support the coming generations of man, without jeopardizing his needs today. This requires proper management of common resources so that it would last for a long time. Also, conservation and development should go hand and hand with each other so that people can live their lives to the fullest, and this is the concept of sustainable development. References: Environment.   2005. March 12 2007. usgs.gov/themes/environ.html. Environmental Science.   2007. March 12 2007. collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/sub_envsci.html?envsci.

Sexual discrimination in South Korea Research Paper

Sexual discrimination in South Korea - Research Paper Example Sexism also propagates in personal views as well as instances that have an impact in the existence of individuals of another sex. For instance, a person looking for work may encounter discriminatory appointing activities, or if employed, unequal treatment or compensation compared to workers who are of the opposite sex (Macionis and Linda 298). In addition, sexual harassment is also a form of sexism or sexual discrimination. In contrast, sexual harassment is a more emotionally impactive, expressive, and extreme form of sexism. In all the countries of the world, it is illegal to harass an individual because of the individual’s sex. Harassment can entail unwelcome sexual advances, physical or verbal harassment of a sexual form, sexual harassment, and requests for sexual favors. Nonetheless, sexual harassment can also comprise offensive statements about an individual’s sex. For instance, it is unlawful to harass a female member of the population by making unpleasant statements about females in general (MacKinnon 121). The harasser and the victim can be from either sex, or also, the harasser and the victim can be of identical sex. Although laws of different countries do not outlaw cases that are not extremely serious, offhand statements, or restrained teasing, harassment is unlawful when it is extremely severe or frequent that it establishes an offensive or hostile environment or, in an employment situation, when it results in an undesirable employment verdict, for example, the victim being demot ed or fired.

Applying Theory to Practice Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applying Theory to Practice Problem - Essay Example The Neuman model perceived clients as being in a state of dynamic equilibrium with the environment. The environment is also considered a perceptual field that surrounds each person. Neumann has focused on the stress factors and the reaction of each person to the condition that brings about the stress. She brought forth the conviction that stress factors comprise the environment. She further argues that the disequilibrium in the body system that is caused the stress is a tension. This tension acts as the stimuli, which has the potential of causing the illness to the individual that is suffering from the stress. The environment is subdivided into two components that include the internal and external factors. The internal factors comprise of the forces that occur within an individual or intrapersonal stress factor. In our case, the example is smoking which the patient is involved in after being discharged. The external environment consists of interpersonal stress factors that result from interaction with other individuals. This is in terms of changes in the roles that can bring about stress to an individual. The physiological issues in patient perspective involve things like the ability to see, hear and have mobility. There are other things like the ability to breath, sleeping, feeling, eating, speaking and the vital signs. This variable focuses on the physiological wellbeing of the patient. The psychological variables involve the non-verbal behavior, attitudes, coping pattern and response to stress. These things focus on the psychological status of the patient. Therefore, by ensuring that the patient psychological status is appropriate one wil be able to facilitate the things that ensure the well-being of the patient is considered. There are various expectations in this variable that are recognized through evaluation of the patient’s behaviors and the way the patient handles stress. The social variable reflects much on the individual’s values