Slavery A Tragic Time - 1663 Words

Alaina Wood Mrs. Ayersman English 101 4 November 2014 Slavery: A Tragic Time In History The start of slavery was in the year 1619 when twenty African Americans were brought to Jamestown, Virginia, and purchased as if they were items (James and Lois Horton, 243). These slaves were sold to British colonists and were the first of these slaves sold specifically in British North America (James and Lois Horton, 243). Virginia Hamilton says, â€Å"The twenty were Africans stolen from their homes by slave traders. They were traded to the Virginia colony in exchange for food and other supplies† (5). African Americans were typically made slaves, or servants, to work for farmers or planters, making no wages for their work (Hamilton, 5). It is obvious†¦show more content†¦And as a result, the slave who could not get up was the â€Å"weaker slave† (Martin, 17). These horrible punishments were called â€Å"games† to the owner and the owner’s wife. For an example, the owner’s wife comments, â€Å"This aft ernoon’s game was a more straightforward one, not very original at all. Two strong boys were required to fight until one couldn’t get up† (Martin, 17). It is very sad to think another human could make other humans do this to each other, let alone think it is a game. The entire inequality period should be considered one of the most regretted times in history. People thought that if someone was not a white male, they were inferior. However, one would hope that the majority of the people back then did not know it was wrong; they just thought it was how life was, or what it was changing into. Although it is basically proven that some of the people could care less about their ways being just or unjust, they unfortunately liked the â€Å"power† they had over the slaves. Not only did slavery affect people hundreds of years ago, its dramatic ways still affect people today as well. Ever since people thought it was â€Å"normal† or an â€Å"okay† thin g to â€Å"own people,† it seems as if some people were not able to understand the concept that we are all humans and no person is lesser of a human being because of their skin tone. Slavery was the beginning of racism, and it is still prominent now in present day. In the

Analysis Of Raymond Carver s The Yellow Wallpaper

Raymond Carver’s Cathedral tells the story of a husband whose wife’s blind friend comes to spend the night. The husband and the blind man spend quality time together by watching historical programs about cathedrals on television. Since the blind man cannot see the cathedrals that the program discusses, the husband attempts to describe them to him. The husband fails to describe the cathedral to the blind man in an affective manner. Throughout the story, the husband goes on a journey to understanding why his attempt to describe the cathedral, failed. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper tells the story of a wife who is bored on her summer vacation. The wife spends time in a bedroom, journaling throughout the entire trip. She becomes intrigued by the yellow wallpaper in the bedroom, and goes on a journey to discover what is abnormal about the wallpaper. The husband in Cathedral and the wife in The Yellow Wallpaper go on a journey to discover more about th emselves through a three-step process of acknowledging a problem exists, imagining what the problem could be, and understanding the problem on a psychological level. The husband’s and wife’s views of fantasy versus reality show how their perceptions of themselves are made clear through their lack of understanding of the blind man and the wallpaper. The husband starts off the story by discussing a friend of his wife, who is coming to spend the night at their home. The wife’s friend is blind, and the husband has never

Financial statements and considered very important-Free Samples

Question: How financial statements considered very important? Answer: Introducation: The statement of accounting concept 1 deals with the definition of the reporting entities. These statements tell that which entity is said to be a reporting entity and which entity is excluded from being called so. In simple terms, the entities that need to make financial statements in order to provide the users of such statement true and fair position about the financial position and stability such entities are known as reporting entities. They are entitled to prepare their financial statement in accordance with the accounting standards and the statements of accounting concepts. If they fail to follow such standards then they may not give genuine information to the stakeholders. The reports prepared by the entities are widely used by the stakeholders to make a decision regarding their investments (Accounting for Small Business Owners, 2017). Statement of Accounting Concept 1 There are certain entities that require preparing financial reports as prescribed by certain rules and regulations. However, some of them are even excluded. According to this concept all entities irrespective of its size, nature of operation, legal form whether profit oriented or not belonging to private or public sector should prepare financial reports if there exists any users who are dependent on these financial reports to take their decisions (Anon, 2017). There may exist an individual entity or a group of entities operating together. Such group of entities may have a controlling authority on each other. Both theses type of entities will be covered under the definition of reporting entities. Any group which is covered under the term of economic entity will be regarded as a reporting entity even if the user of such financial reports does not exist. One of the entities that is included in the group of entities will have a control over the other entities to achieve the objective that is set up by the controlling authority. The control here signifies any kind of financial dependence directly or indirectly, appointment or dismissals of managers or the governing body of the entity, and the ultimate power in order to direct the activities of the entity (Breitner and Anthony, 2013). In case of an individual, if he is able to deploy resources then but its objective is to achieve personal gains and does not satisfies the condition of falling under the definition of economic entity then it does not have to prepare financial reports (Dyckman, Magee and Pfeiffer, 2014). As far we have come to know that if an entity has users of the financial reports who uses them in order to take decisions for their resource allocation then it is compulsory to prepare such financial reports. It is important for the company to identify the users of these reports before the preparation (Easton, 2015). The factors that are used to identify the users are indicative only and can be identified on the basis of three main categories- the separation existing between the ownership and the management, the economic and political influence and certain financial characteristics (Edmonds et al., 2016). Separation between management and ownership- The larger the space between the management and the ownership of the company there are more chances that there exist users of the financial reports for their decision making (Harrison, Horngren and Thomas, n.d.). Economic and political influence- If the entity holds an important position in regards to politics and economic conditions then there are higher chances of the existence of the users of the financial statements to allocate their resource in the best place. Financial characteristics Financial characteristics includes the size of operation, the value of assets held, indebtedness of the company as well as the number of workers that are employed (Ittelson, 2009). Such entities that has these characteristics present are expected to have users that may be dependent on the financial statements in order to invest and allocate their resources efficiently. The main purpose for the preparation of such financial reports is to provide correct information about the financial stability and position of an entity so that the users can make a wise decision of allocating their resource in the best possible place (Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso, n.d.). However, if ther are any kind of information which is considered materialistic but has been concealed then it may lead these users to take a wrong decision. Therefore, the financial reports should be prepared with extra care and due diligence so that all material facts are disclosed properly and no facts are concealed. The entity should be capable enough to use the resource in the most efficient way so that the users can determine about the financial condition of the entity in the forthcoming years. If the resources are utilised in an optimum manner then it will help the stakeholders to feel safe about their investment and also help them generate higher returns (Loughran, 2011). The management of the company should be knowledgeable enough to allocate the resources in the best place to get the best results (Piper, 2015). It is important for every stakeholder to know about the past and current trends of an entity before taking its decisions (Pratt, 2014). It enables to compare the present performance with the past and ascertain that what is the extent of improvement that the company has shown. The financial statements provide various information such as the asset and liabilities along with the expenses and gains (Spiceland, Thomas and Herrmann, 2011). The assets of the company reflect the financial position and stability to pay off the liabilities. It gives a general idea of the going concern of the company by determining the key financial ratios with the help of the financial statements. The income and expenses reveals the continuous flow of resources and whether the expenses that were incurred were actually required or wasteful. If the entity is found to make wasteful expenditures then the stakeholders may not take interest in those companies as these are the signs of poor management (Warren, Reeve and Duchac, n.d.). The financial statements should be prepared with full knowledge and truthfulness because it not only reflects the financial performance of the company but also the non- financial aspects are covered therein. The stakeholders in order to check the companys awareness towards the society check the social responsibility carried out (Weil, 2014). An entity is not considered efficient only when it has a good profitability but it should also fulfil its responsibility towards the society. Therefore, proper disclosures of the corporate social responsibility that the entity has performed should be disclosed in the financial reports. The stakeholders trust their hard earned money with the company and so it is their right to get correct information and give them back good returns. Therefore, the entity should not include any such wrong fact in the financial statements which would influence the decision of the stakeholders and mislead them. All the information provided should be in accordance with the various accounting concepts and standards. The non compliance of the accounting standards leads to violation of law and is punishable (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, n.d.). If the company fails to comply with these rules and regulations or if there is any defect found in the financial statements then the there will be a huge loss of reputation in the market and it will become very difficult for them to survive and have a sufficient market share. Therefore, a reporting entity must provide all relevant information in the financial statements which will enable the users to take decisions wisely (Williams et al., 2015). Conclusion The accounting concept 1 defines the entities that falls under the category of reporting entity, the entities which fall in such category has been properly stated above. These entities require to make financial statements on compliance with certain rules and regulations because these reports are important and highly influence the decisions of various stakeholders. It is important for them to have complete information prior to the decision making. References Accounting for Small Business Owners. (2017). 1st ed. Rockridge Pr. Anon, (2017). 1st ed. Breitner, L. and Anthony, R. (2013). Core concepts of accounting. 1st ed. Boston [u.a.]: Pearson. Dyckman, T., Magee, R. and Pfeiffer, G. (2014). Financial accounting. 1st ed. [Westmont, Illinois]: Cambridge Business Publishers. Easton, P. (2015). Financial Accounting for MBAs. 1st ed. [Cambridge, UK]: Cambridge Business Publishers. Edmonds, T., Edmonds, C., McNair, F. and Olds, P. (2016). Fundamental financial accounting concepts. 1st ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Harrison, W., Horngren, C. and Thomas, C. (n.d.). Financial accounting. 1st ed. Ittelson, T. (2009). Financial Statements: A Step-by-step Guide to Understanding and Creating Financial Reports. 1st ed. Career Press. Kimmel, P., Weygandt, J. and Kieso, D. (n.d.). Financial Accounting. 1st ed. Loughran, M. (2011). Financial accounting for dummies. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Piper, M. (2015). Accounting made simple. 1st ed. [United States]: [CreateSpace Pub.]. Pratt, J. (2014). Financial accounting. 1st ed. Hoboken NJ: Wiley. Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. and Herrmann, D. (2011). Financial accounting. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Warren, C., Reeve, J. and Duchac, J. (n.d.). Financial accounting. 1st ed. Weil, R. (2014). Financial accounting. 1st ed. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Weygandt, J., Kimmel, P. and Kieso, D. (n.d.). Financial accounting. 1st ed. Williams, J., Haka, S., Bettner, M. and Carcello, J. (2015). Financial accounting. 1st ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Thousand Splendid Suns for Wretched Condition- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theThousand Splendid Suns for Wretched Condition of Women. Answer: It may be unfair, but what happens in a few days, sometimes even a single day, can change the course of a whole lifetime... The above quoted lines of Khaled Hosseini clearly outline the theme of most of the literary works written by him. It is to be noted that most of the literary works of Hosseini revolves around the history as well as the violence with which the nation of Afghanistan has been inflicted in the recent times (Coleman). Hosseini is famous for his novels like The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns and The Mountains Echoed (Gopinath). It is to be noted that the novel A Thousand Suns of Hosseini is often considered to be one of the most important novels to come out of the third countries in the 21st century (Coleman). The author Hosseini is famous for his vivid characterization and the portrayal of the human emotions in the backdrop of the conflict which the nation of Afghanistan has been facing in the present times (Indriany). I would like to comment here that although the author Khaled Hosseini in the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns narrates the conflicts as well as the nature of the society of his contemporary Afghanistan but the incidents as well as the narrate has a connection with my contemporary society as well (Gopinath). It is to be noted that the novel seeks to attain the emancipation in its own way through lines like A society has no chance of success if its women are uneducated... (Hosseini). I would like to comment here that the society in which I live also focuses on the emancipation of women and recognizes the central role of women in the society. Furthermore, the novel portrays the belief of Hosseini in the Islamic view of God and his benevolent attitude towards the human beings in lines like Behind every trial and sorrow that He makes us shoulder, God has a reason (Hosseini). I would like to say that this is something which I find in the precepts of Christianity as well. Moreover, the novel tries to portray love as the ennobling factor which can obliterate all physical hardships in lines like yet love can move people to act in unexpected ways and move them to overcome the most daunting obstacles with startling heroism (Hosseini). This is something which my parents had taught me from a very young age and also I find in the society around myself. I think that the author Hosseini writes his novels from a perception that the readers who are reading his novels have a basic idea about the history of the nation of Afghanistan and its cultural traditions. His novels also require its readers to have a basic understanding of the human emotions and the mysterious ways love can make a person act (Singh). Therefore, I think that the kind of reader which Hosseini has when he is writing a particular novel is a reader who has certain knowledge about the history as well as the culture of Afghanistan and about the human heart and emotions. I do not think that I had any difficulty in suspending my own views, beliefs and prejudices which were necessary for an effective understanding of the novel as prior to this I have read other novels of the third world countries and even a few authors of Afghanistan. It is to be noted that there two protagonist in the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns Mariam and Laila. I would like to say here that both are the victims of the oppression of their husband Rasheed and also the conservative society of Afghanistan. Therefore, they look upon the society as well as their husband as the dominant one and themselves as inferior ones. The opening lines of the novel is significant to note here Like a compass needle that points north, a man's accusing finger always finds a woman. Always (Hosseini). It is to be noted that gender plays a significant role in the novel in determining the attitudes as well as the character of the protagonists in the novel (Kazemiyan). The two female characters in the novel are therefore portrayed as per the conventional ones of the Afghanistan society (Kazemiyan). It is to be noted that at one point in the novel during the curfew the women are not even allowed to go around the locality without the company of the male members of their family (Islam). Therefore, it would not be too far-fetched to say that gender plays a significant role in the novel. I think that the Hosseini intended to represent the women in the novel to be far superior beings in comparison to the men of the society. Thus he makes the two characters of the novel to be emotionally as well as mentally better equipped than their male counterpart (Islam). I found that Hosseini represented the women in the novel to be catering to needs as well as the requirements of the house and the male members of the novels to the bread earners. It would not be too far-fetched to say that the women in the novel have been represented as domestic slaves who are there to cater to the sexual as well as the family needs of the male members of the society (Islam). It is to be noted that the novel narrates the events in the history of Afghanistan back in the 1970s and 1980s when women did not have much choice or independence in the society and therefore their role was j ust limited to the domestic choirs and family needs only (Islam). It is to be noted in the first part of the novel the women are just reduced to domestic objects meant for the sole pleasure of the male members of the society. However, in the second part of the novel the women particularly Mariam gain power and kill her husband Rasheed which ultimately results in her persecution and her death (Islam). However, even after her death she leaves the money which she inherits from her father to Laila in order to ensure her safe future. Laila in the end of novel also gins considerable freedom and teaches children. It is to be noted that in the initial part of the novel the lives of the women are very restricted and they are not even allowed to make any considerable decisions for themselves. However, towards the end of the novel power dynamics changes and the women are shown to be in control of their lives. Therefore, from the above discussion it becomes clear that Hosseinis A Thousand Splendid Suns is one of the masterpieces of the Afghan Literature. It tries to give a pertinent account of the society as well as the culture of the nation. It is to be noted that through this particular novel the author seeks to portray the changing nature of the society as well as the power dynamics of the society of Afghanistan. References Coleman, Kaitlyn. "Book Analysis of A Thousand Splendid Suns."A Novel by Khaled Hosseini in https://bluefox99887. files. wordpress. com/2014/03/a-thousand-splendid-suns_kaitlyn-coleman. pdf accesssed on January 21st, 2016 at 09: 38 am(2012). Gopinath, S. "Tracing the history of war-trodden land: A study of Khaled Hosseini's A thousand splendid suns." (2013): 1-7. Hosseini, Khaled.A thousand splendid suns. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009. Indriany, Fajar Nur. "Mariam? s Search for Meaning of Life in Khaled Hosseini? s A Thousand Splendid Suns."Unpublished Research Paper. Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University(2014). Islam, Dr Md Sahidul. "Gender Discrimination and the Wretched Condition of Women in Arundhati Roys the God of Small Things and Khaled Hosseinis A Thousand Splendid Suns."Arts Education International Research Journal: ISSN: 2349-1353. Kazemiyan, Azam.A Thousand Splendid Suns: Rhetorical Vision of Afghan Women. University of Ottawa (Canada), 2012. Singh, Namita. "Feminism v/s Gender equity: Socio-Political Activism in Khaled Hosseinis A Thousand Splendid Suns."International Journal of Educational Research and Technology4 (2013).

Reliable parents and children Essay Example

Reliable parents and children Paper A dedicated practitioner that offers a reliable service to its users is of utmost importance. Reliability ensures the provider is there at all times expected. If a child and parent expects to see the provider at drop off and pick up times it is essential the provider is there. Children and parents would not have the confidence in the setting if the practitioner were regularly late.  While working with children days can be quite varied for example a field trip may be planned or a concert. Parents may drop in unexpectedly which means the practitioner must be adaptable. Commitment to the setting is a must if a child is to feel secure. The adult/child bond cannot be built if there is a high staff turnover. This would create an unsettling environment for children and parents. A successful practitioner will have personal qualities such as patience, good listening skills, understanding, a caring nature and must be fun. These qualities will ensure children feel valued and included. He/she must enjoy the work that they are doing. Children will want to spend time in the company of a practitioner with these qualities. It is also very important the practitioner feels comfortable whilst acting silly. Children revel in adults crawling around making animal noises or dressing up, being able to play with a child on their own level creates strong bonds between adult and child. It helps make the establishment an exciting stimulating place to be. We will write a custom essay sample on Reliable parents and children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reliable parents and children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reliable parents and children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The practitioner should provide routines and consistent rules that children can understand and follow. It is important a childcare practitioner can be consistent. A daily routine ensures the child knows where and what they should be doing at present and what will be happening next, helping them feel secure. When dealing with behaviour you must be consistent a child would feel they were treat unfairly if one day they were allowed to jump off the slide and then the following day they reprimanded for the same thing. Also it is important to be consistent with the rules for every child regardless of race, religion or gender. To summarise I believe the three most important qualities an early years practitioner should have are:  Organised An organised establishment is a safe establishment. Without good organisation the provision could prove dangerous to its users. For example not enough staff working one day to care for children. Play equipment not maintained could be fatal to a small child.  Reliable parents and children depend on this person and need to know he/she will be there providing the service expected.  Job satisfaction if the practitioner is unhappy in their work it will reflect badly on the service they provide. Children would pick up on the carers negative feelings and the practitioner would be unable to create a happy secure setting. A person who enjoys their work will communicate better with parents and children on all levels and build more positive relationships. I believe childcare establishments are improving dramatically. In recent years the ownership of providing learning and not just childcare has taken place. Many more staff are trained and I believe funding should be available for all early years staff to gain formal qualifications. Early years staff would then be in a position to offer parents informative advice and help answer the many questions asked by parents.

Just War Theory

Just War Theory Free Online Research Papers The Just War Theory is a principle of ethics followed in the military that originated from Catholic and Roman philosophy. The principle has also been put forward by international policy makers in the modern world in holding that conflicts should cater to the needs of political, religious and philosophical justice by following a given code of conduct. There are basically four ways in which war can be thought about. The first is realism whereby war becomes a subject matter of power and necessity so that there is no room for making any analysis on moral grounds. The second may be called a holy war which is fought to authorize the intimidation or killing of non believers. The third way pertains to a war that can be referred to as something which is fundamentally immoral. The fourth way in thinking about war relates to the human activities that is called a just war, whereby a complete moral reasoning must be made applicable to the activities related to war thus assisting in determining wh ether the use of force is justified or not. Wheeler (2002) has defined Just War Theory as one that â€Å"determines that a war is just if it satisfies the conditions of the jus ad bellum: just cause, last resort, right intention, reasonable prospect of success leading to a just peace and right authority. However, states that go to war whether for just or unjust reasons must also meet the requirement of the jus in bello. This establishes the absolute and overriding constraint that states are not permitted to deliberately harm the innocent.† While accepting these criteria of Just War Theory the conduct of the coalition that initiated the Iraq war will be examined in the light of the given standards. The Just War Theory has helped a great deal in shaping the charter of the United Nations and international laws in regard to wars. The tradition of just war ethically aims at seriously reflecting upon the inviolability of human life and dignity in assuming that all those who may be at variance with us as also those who are against us in war do command the basic right for life and dignity in the same way and to the same extent that we may command. Historically the tradition of just wars has served to use force within the limits of moral boundaries and has contributed to a great extent in limiting the use of military force than to authorize the same. However the just war theory does tell us that there are instances when the use of force is necessary and morally justified. In order to get a better understanding of the issue it is better to first outline the circumstances under which the War on Iraq was stipulated. It was assumed that Iraq possesses biological weapons and other weapons of mass destruction and seeks to possess nuclear weapons. Secondly, in view of the history of Iraq, that relates to several instances of aggression and brutality, there was every possibility of Saddam using such weapons in the future, examples of which are present of their use on his own soil when chemical weapons were used to curb attacks in north Iraq. He is also known to have made these weapons available for terrorist activities. The circumstances under which the Iraq war was initiated were quite controversial and it is hard to conclude whether its given objectives were actually the true objectives. As reported by the Sunday Times (July 2005), â€Å"Bush wanted to remove Saddam, through military action, justified by the conjunction of terrorism and WMD. But the intelligence and facts were being fixed around the policy† (Sunday Times, July 2005). There were questions in regard to the presence of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), which though were not found. There were concerns about such weapons being handed over to terrorists. Just before the attack on Iraq, it was observed by Stephen Walt and John Mearsheimer (2003) that, â€Å"there is no credible evidence that Iraq had anything to do with the terrorist attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon or more generally that Iraq is collaborating with al Qaeda against the United States. Hawks inside and outside the Bush administration have gone to extraordinary lengths over the past months to find a link, but they have come up empty-handed† (Walt Mearsheimer,2003). Walt and Mearsheimer (2003) have said that there was always a conflict in ideology between Bin Laden and the Baath regime in Iraq which believed in secularism. It was very unlikely that there could have been any collusion between the two because it would have certainly come to light resulting in a violent response from the US. In considering the principle of last resort as provided by the supposition under â€Å"Jus Ad Bellum†, it is clear that the US was not under attack by Iraq at that time and there was no indication of any imminent attack by Iraqi coalition forces. The US put forth the argument that the war on terror was in progress since it had been assaulted on 9/11 which provided ground for it to take measures of defense. But there was no conclusive association found between Iraq and the September 11, 2001 assault and hence the attack on Iraq cannot be taken as measure that was taken as a ‘last resort’. It is argued by several critics that there are several indications about the purported link between the 9/11 attacks and the WMD being entirely superfluous. There was no apparent or proved threat and no prospects of attacks which prove that there was no reason for the US to resort to this kind of invasion at any level. The only plausible circumstances whereby a coalition could be formed between Al-Qaeda and the Baath Party would relate to a situation whereby Saddam would have unearthed a plan to overthrow him. In this case also the principle of â€Å"Jus Ad Bellum† and the consideration in regard to â€Å"reasonable prospect of success† is in conflict with the provision of â€Å"just cause, right intention† under the Just War Theory. The issue of WMD proved to be insignificant and there was no evidence to nail Saddam on that account or with any association with Bin-Laden. Arguments have been made that an attack on Iraq would strengthen the possibilities of terror attacks from there thus providing impetus for failure of all actions in this regard. There is reason to believe that the criteria of â€Å"Jus in Bello† have not been met by the coalition forces in Iraq. Since most areas of Iraq have been at war since March 2003, it is very difficult to ascertain the exact extent of losses to human life and property. But even in the absence of authentic data in this regard, it is possible to collect information from different sources to get an understanding of the conduct of the coalition force. Amnesty International had reported shortly after the commencement of the war that it was worrisome to observe that cluster bombs were being used in areas that were heavily populated. It is known that cluster bombs disperse small bombs across large areas without exploding thus making the area a potential threat as in the case of land mines. Wheeler (2002) has pointed out in his analysis of the â€Å"Jus in Bello† criteria that a civilian person is â€Å"innocent† in not having the â€Å"capacity to harm others†, and the several deaths of children and civilians clearly indicate that the criteria has been grossly violated in Iraq. According to Walzer, â€Å"the relevant distinction is †¦ between those who make what soldiers need to fight and those who make what they need to live. So, for example, civilians working in munitions factories may legitimately be killed, but not civilians providing essential utilities. Crucial to the Jus in Bello criteria is the concept of proportionality. This is enshrined in the Geneva Conventions, for example, Article 52(2) which allows states only to attack objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action†. In the terminology of â€Å"Jus ad Bellum†, there is need to revisit the contention that counter insurgency war has links with the broader â€Å"war on terror†. President Bush had said that â€Å"if we lose [in Iraq], if this young democracy fails, the enemy will be emboldened. They will have resources in which to launch attacks. They have declared their desire to have a caliphate throughout the Middle East, and one of their targets is to topple modern governments†. All evidence suggests that the war in Iraq has not been a just war especially in relation to the war on terror. While conceiving the war, intentions were not made clear and the cause was never proved. It has not been conclusively proved that it was undertaken as a â€Å"last resort† because there was no supposed threat that has been proved. The objectives of curbing terrorist activities and threats were never put forth convincingly although the threats for the same were said to have increased consequent to such a military action. Under the circumstances there were very remote chances of success for bringing peace and authority to curb the conditions prevailing in Iraq. Although the Just War Theory has had a long tradition it has been criticized for being just relativistic in contradicting the universal philosophical beliefs like the ethic of reciprocity. Humanists who are secular often propagate the Just War Theory on the basis of widespread ethical practices without relying on morality as espoused by Christianity . The theorists for Just War normally display an attitude that morally abhors war while at the same time being ready to agree that war does become necessary at times. In essence, Just War Theory aims at distinguishing between what is justified and not justified while engaging in war. It aims at conceiving how to restrain the use of arms in a more humane manner so that long lasting justice and peace is established. However in the case of Iraq it is felt that most actions were atrocities that contravened the tenets of â€Å"Jus In Bello†. Hence a war that is fought against an insurgency that is considered popular will neither be â€Å"Jus in Bello† nor â€Å"Jus ad Bellum†. The attacks of September 11 and the two wars that were fought subsequently have raised national security issues and made them larger than the economic problems facing the US. These developments have resulted in divided opinions and conflicting emotions in regard to the foreign policy to be followed in such times. There is considerable discontent with Iraq which is influencing the shaping of the foreign policy as much as the policies for curbing terrorism. Americans have now become intensely conscious and concerned about the reduced international respect for the country arising out of disappointment over Iraq. It is believed that the US is now less respected in the international community because the decision of war was wrong. This loss in respect is considered as a major foreign policy in the USA. There is continued discontentment in regard to the manner in which Iraq was handled and public criticism continues to increase about the faulty approach of the Bush administration to national security issues. A lesson is learnt in that there is no need to act extra fast in using force, but to find diplomatic solutions by all possible means. Most Americans believe that there should be emphasis on relying on the opinion of US allies in the formulation of its foreign policy. The priorities of the American public after 9/11 have changed significantly. Concern over issues not related to terrorism, such as AIDS and dealing with hunger have reduced considerably. Bibliography Cirincione Joseph, et. al. WMD in Iraq, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 08 January 2004, carnegieendowment.org/files/Iraq3FullText.pdf, Accessed on 13th July, 2009 Fotion Nicholas, War and Ethics: A New Just War Theory, 2008, Continuum Kegley Charles W, The New Global Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls, 2002, Prentice Hall Mead Walter Russell, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How it Changed the World, 2001, Knopf Walzer M, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, 1977, New York, Basic Books Wheeler N J, Dying for Enduring Freedom: Accepting Responsibility for Civilian Casualties in the War Against Terrorism, (2002), International Relations, 16(2) Winnett Robert and Leppard David, Leaked No 10 dossier reveals Al-Qaeda’s British recruits, July 10 2005, The Sunday Times Zupan Daniel S, War, Morality And Autonomy: An Investigation in Just War Theory, 2004, Ashgate Publishing Research Papers on Just War TheoryCapital PunishmentRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Three Concepts of PsychodynamicGenetic EngineeringOpen Architechture a white paperBringing Democracy to Africa

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 61

Case Study Example For example if the business requirement is stated as â€Å"the light must turn on if button B is pressed and if button F is pressed.† This statement can be interpreted differently by different people because of the ambiguous use of the word â€Å"and† and this may lead to distortion in the respective system. A large number of business requirements fail in two prime dimensions; lack of true process orientation and lack of neuroscience required in defining the business requirement effectively. The perception of the business requirement makers that they know everything also leads to bad business requirements. Further, poor communication, constantly changing requirements in projects, less customer involvement, time and money constraints are some of the identifiable reasons resulting in bad business requirements. The use of â€Å"always† in a system means â€Å"most of the time† however; sometimes, it can also create ambiguity. The above mentioned statement can be interpreted in the following ways; the system should support employee birthdays every year because birthdays come and are celebrated every year. What if an employee gets dead then still the system will always support his/her birthday despite employee’s demise? Further, if an employee gets retired or not celebrates his/her birthday every year, so should the system support his/her birthday? All these varying interpretations can be perceived from the above mentioned ambiguous business requirement leading to system